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| 1300 |
| | | Boniface VIII declares a Jubilee or Holy Year, with plenary indulgences for pilgrims who make their way to Rome | |
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| 1341 |
| | | A laurel wreath is placed on the brow of Petrarch in Rome, in a renewal of interest in the classical world | |
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| 1347 |
| | | Cola di Rienzo, appointed tribune of the people, enjoys a few months of dictatorial powers in Rome before the citizens tire of him | |
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| 1377 |
| | | The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon | |
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| 1415 |
| | | Filippo Brunelleschi begins studying the ruins of classical Rome, with a view to rediscovering classical architecture | |
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| c. 1475 |
| | | With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome | |
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| c. 1489 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented series of detailed anatomical drawings, based on corpses dissected in Rome | |
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| 1491 |
| | | Savonarola, the new prior of San Marco, is a stern critic of both the pope in Rome and the Medici in Florence | |
|  | Savonarola
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| 1499 |
| | | 24-year-old Michelangelo provides for St Peter's in Rome an exquisite Pietà – the Virgin holding on her lap the dead Christ | |
|  | Pietà Michelangelo
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| 1505 |
| | | Pope Julius II summons Michelangelo to Rome to create the pope's own elaborately sculpted tomb | |
|  | One of the 'slaves' for the tomb of Julius II
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